HI, ladies!!
Thanks to Alice’s dedicated teaching in English for the last six months, I have got accustomed to read such a long article. But I had barely enough time to check my answers on the STEP test, and made some mistakes.
Review the STEP test:
Synthetic biology: rewriting the genetic code (reading comprehension)
Q1.…the most remarkable discoveries will almost certainly be in the biological sciences. …in the field of synthetic biology. Their aim is to take on the daunting task of designing and building completely new forms of life from basic components.
=develop artificial genetic components that can be used to construct organisms that currently do not exist.
Q2….it is not surprising that these synthetic biologists have come to view living organisms as complex computing machines capable of replicating themselves.
=a change in approach that now emphasizes treating natural life forms in a similar way to machines resulting in the belief that cells can be redesigned for specific purposes.
Q3.such redesigned cells could produce various kinds of chemicals and polymers to make food, plastics, silks, and many other kinds of materials, including some not yet even imaginable.
=scientists have turned to the development of hybrid organisms made up of both natural and synthetic parts.
Q4. Keasling believes that relatively small amounts of yeast and sugar placed in a fermentation tank could produce enough self-replicating synthetic artemisinin to treat all the malaria patients in the world.
=He believed he could produce a substance that is needed as a medicine for sufferers of a stubborn form of malaria.
...We can very often see such questions about genetic issues in the past STEP tests.
So, see you later, bye!
7 comments:
Hello, powerful & mature flowers.
How are you doing this warm and rather hot weather? I spent a few hours with DH in the hospital, taking a walk around the big and huge hospital.
I'm glad to write about
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797.
Mary Wollstonecraft is now recognized as one of the mothers of British and American feminism. She is considered a liberal feminist because her approach is primarily concerned with the individual woman and about rights. She honored women’s natural talents, insisting that women should not be measured by men’s standards.
At the same time, the approach of Wollstonecraft’s emphasis on duty in the family and in civic relationship echoes in communitarian feminists. And she can also be seen as a precursor of the political feminists.
"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" was published in 1792 in the immediate aftermath of the French Revolution. She applied radical principles of liberty and equality to sexual politics.
In "Rights of Woman" she devastatingly criticized the false system of education which forced the middle-class women of her time to live within a stifling ideal of femininity. That was women’s most important thing is beauty, the mind shapes itself to the body. They were confined to its gilt cage of false model of womanliness, just roaming round it and adoring its prison.
Instead, Wollstonecraft dared to address women as rational creatures as she was associated with Enlightenment thought that put reason at the center of human identity. Thus she urged women to aspire to a wider human ideal which combines feeling with reason and the right to independence.
Recurring themes in Wollstonecraft’s writing were following two facts: One is that there were many impediments to survival for independent women. The other is that most female education was hopelessly inadequate in preparing women in function in the public sphere.
"Vindication of the Rights of Man" (1790), written in defense of the French Revolution and refuting the arguments of Edmund Burke’s "Reflections on the Revolution in France", drew public attention. She attacked the class-based inequalities of England, protesting against the abuses of the monarchy.
"A Vindication of the Rights of Women"(1792),which had built Wollstonecraft’s lasting reputation, was written as a refutation of the arguments of Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Rousseau was an Enlightenment thinker and was revered widely, but unfortunately, his novel Emile, wherein Rousseau proclaimed the rigid separate spheres for men and women. His philosophy was that women were created to please men and to bear their children, while men existed on their own account. Therefore every aspect of their education and leisure was to make women both alluring and sexually faithful.
Wollstonecraft suggested radically that women exist for themselves and that their purpose is, just like men's, self-improvement.
Her reputation, already fairly tainted during her life, plummeted after her death because William Godwin had her biography published. He had intended it to be a justification of her life, but its frankness about Wollstonecraft’s sexual practices offended the public’s sensibilities for the next 100 years.
In the end, Wollstonecraft is considered the Mother of Modern Feminism, being the first woman to make a systematic survey of the ways in which society handicaps and penalizes women.
See you tomorrow, my precious friends.
Hi, ladies?
How are you? OK?
Peach, is everything OK?
I just want to talk about “redundancy”.
Please look at the following sentences, which are from Sunflower’s message posted just before mine.
Can you notice that all the sentences start with the same subject?
---Mary Wollstonecraft is now recognized as one of the mothers of British and American feminism.
---She is considered a liberal feminist because her approach is primarily concerned with the individual woman and about rights.
---She honored women’s natural talents, insisting that women should not be measured by men’s standards.
These three can be combined into one sentence, can’t they?
The easiest one could be:
Mary Wollstonecraft, one of the mothers of British and American feminism, who honored women’s natural talents, insisting that women should not be measured by men’s standards, is considered a liberal feminist because her approach is primarily concerned with the individual woman and about rights.
(Notice this is one sentence.)
It is NOT GOOD to write a few sentences, consecutively, with the same subject. Try to make your sentences concise, please!!!
It is just a matter of “consciousness” and practice.
(1) Write several sentences.
(2) Check whether you use the same subject or not consecutively.
(3) If you do so, try to combine the sentences with the same subject into one.
Probably you will find this redundancy in others’ written messages. So, try to look at your sentences objectively. That is the only way to solve this redundancy problem.
Have a lovely evening. Remember, please, that you should write concise sentences. Thank you for reading my message. Goodnight to you all.
Dear Cherry and friends,
Good evening.
How are you?
It seems that scientists discover magic substances and develop new theories every day.
I was not good at chemistry. Remembering the periodic table of elements was too painful to enjoy the subject. Come to think about it, knowing about the table was only the entrance of the world of chemistry. Helium and neon are easy to remember. They are among the first 10 elements and are simple substances, existing without combining with other elements, which, like hydrogen, can’t stand alone.
Why am I writing about chemistry? Oh, I was reacting to the topic raised by Cherry.
Let’s move on to the regular topic.
* -------------------------------------------- *
Pratt’s Pioneer Women In Victoria’s Reign introduces three women who pioneered emigration; Miss Maria Susan Rye, Miss Caroline Chisholm, and Mrs. Blanchard.
After two unhappy marriages, Mrs. Howard married to a well-known poet, Mr. E. L. Blanchard, who had loved her since their early life. She started beneficent work in New Zealand while still married to the second husband. Although she helped Miss Rye to take a party of girls from London to New Zealand following in Mrs. Chisholm’s footsteps, her major work was to invite the peasantry in Ireland, lecturing information about New Zealand, and to send them to the colonies as settlers.
The title of the next chapter is "The Higher Education of Women: Miss Frances Mary Buss". Miss Buss (1827-1894) became a pupil teacher at a private school at fourteen, opened a school with her mother at eighteen, studied in the evening classes of Queen’s College founded in 1848, and gained a diploma qualified as a governess from the college.
In 1850, their own school was developed into the North London Collegiate School for Ladies.
* -------------------------------------------- *
Good night.
Hi, ladies,
I am now reading some of the Kamichika's writing. In Jyosei shisou-shi, she wrote about the strong bindings between Mill and Mrs.Taylor. How much he admired her talent and brightness. How high he appreciates her dedication to his writings. Here I understand the reason why Kamichika injured Osugi somehow. Osugi to Kamichika wasn't Mill to Mrs. Taylor. Not only jealousy but also her disappointment which lowed her pride made her commit a crime. At the sacrifice of her fame as a journalist and writer, Kamichika showed us how real feminist should live.
Dear Cherry and friends,
Good evening. How are you?
Rain just has started to fall.
It was fairly warm yesterday, but it was a bit cooler today.
Let's be prepared for a sudden change of climate.
I'd like to write about Pratt’s book again.
* -------------------------------------------- *
Pioneer women doctors taken up in this book are Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, and Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake. In the end of nineteenth century when the book was written, and Englishwoman by birth, Dr. Blackwell, who got a medical degree in the United States in 1849 and was qualified as the first medical practitioner in Great Britain, had already retired and was living in England. As of 1858, only women medical practitioners who got foreign degrees could be on the British Medical Register.
Listening to Dr. Blackwell’s lecture next year, Miss Elizabeth Garrett determined to study medicine. Although her application was not granted by the Senate of the London University, the Society of Apothecaries admitted “her to examination, also allowing her to complete her education privately” (p.106). Passing the examination, Miss Garrett became the first registered woman medical practitioner who was “qualified by virtue of an English diploma” (p. 107). Since the full program of medical degrees was not accessible to women, “Miss Garrett had to go to Paris for her M. D. degree” (p. 107).
Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake encountered an enormous difficulty while being a medical student in the University of Edinburgh from March 1869 to March 1874. Male students showed open hostility and caused a regular riot. Although a serious case was brought to justice and settled, she moved out from Edinburgh and became one of the women who were admitted to the British Register through the King and Queen’s College of Physicians.
* -------------------------------------------- *
I’m very sleepy, now.
Good night.
Hello, various kinds of beautiful flowers.
Plum, thank you very much for your kind, instructive and practical advice on how to write and express ourselves without redundancy. I quite agree with what you said, that it is just a matter of “consciousness” and practice,
Yes, I’ll try to combine the sentences with the same subject into one instead of using the same subjects successively.
Let me talk a little bit more about Mary Wollstonecraft, especially about her love affairs.
She was born into a middle-class family that sank into poverty in the course of her childhood. Three survival options were left for her: they were dependence on a husband, her older brother whose job was a lawyer, or supporting herself. She chose the last one to struggling with any obstacles rather than go into a state of dependence. It must be the best and appropriate choice for her when taking into consideration of her character and financial situation.
It is needless to say that she was a spiritually independent and a rational woman who was able to make decision based on intelligent thinking rather than on emotion.
Following two episodes, however, made us think that she had another quite a different aspect of her personality. I could not help feeling that she was sometimes too emotional, wild, and impudent. in other words, she was vulnerable as any woman to love’s imperatives.
She fell passionately in love with the American Gilbert Imlay, who was a revolutionary-turned-businessman. Mary were happily in love with him. Imlay, a money-hungry man, took off on commercial travels leaving her alone and pregnant. She hoped to establish a home but the hope was in vain. He was preoccupied with business, beginning to see other women. She swallowed an overdose of opium, leaving the message that her soul had been shook and grief had a firm hold of her heart. Luckily, she was soon discovered by a servant who managed to rouse her.
Shaken by the suicide attempt, and desperate to get her out of his hair, Imlay persuaded her to travel to Scandinavia . The trip accompanied only by her baby and maid was a wildly adventurous one for a new mother, reviving her with excitements. But return to London was devastating.
Imlay had another new mistress. Mary walked to Putney Bridge and threw herself in the Thames. Only the arrival of two passing watermen saves her. These two attempted suicides made us think that Mary was enslaved by men through love. (to be continued)
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